Android’s fragmented device landscape, with its wide range of screen sizes, hardware capabilities, and operating system versions, has significantly reshaped modern app development practices. Developers can no longer rely on uniform device standards and instead focus on creating adaptable, user-centric experiences. This has driven the adoption of responsive and flexible UI designs that work seamlessly across smartphones, tablets, and emerging form factors like foldables. Fragmentation has also increased the importance of backward compatibility, encouraging the use of modular code and support libraries to ensure apps function smoothly on older Android versions. Performance optimization has become a priority, as applications must run efficiently on both low-end and high-end devices. To manage quality, developers now rely heavily on automated testing and cloud-based device testing environments. Overall, Android fragmentation has pushed developers toward smarter, more resilient, and future-